ABSTRACT
AIM:To investigate the effect of liraglutide ( LG) on the expression of fibronectin type Ⅲdomain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in the C2C12 myotubes.METHODS:The C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line was induced to differentiation.Differentiated cells were stimulated with gradient concentrations (1 ~1000 nmol/L) of LG for different time (0 ~24 h).The effects of LG on the expression of FNDC5 and the activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate ( AMP)-activated protein kinase ( AMPK) signaling pathway were determined .After pretreated with glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) receptor antagonist exendin 9-39 , the inhibitor of Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2), STO609, or the inhibitor of AMPK, Compound C, the LG-induced FNDC5 expression in C2C12 myotubes was examined.The expression of FNDC5 and the activation of AMPK were determined by Western blot .RESULTS: In C2C12 myotubes, LG promoted the expression of FNDC5 in a dose-and time-dependent manner .LG also activated AMPK signaling pathway .These effects of LG were partly abolished by exendin 9-39 , STO609 and Compound C .CONCLUSION:LG promotes the expression of FNDC5 via GLP-1 receptor in the C2C12 myotubes possibly through activation of the CAMKK2/AMPK signaling pathways .
ABSTRACT
[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the role of hydrogen sulfide ( H2 S) on impaired wound healing in ob/ob mice and the underlying mechanism.METHODS:The ob/ob mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, including vehicle, in-sulin and NaHS for treatment.C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle as control.Full-thickness punch biopsy wounds were created on the mice.Firstly, H2 S concentrations in the skins and granulation tissues were measured.The mRNA ex-pression of cystathionineγ-lyase ( CSE) was detected by RT-qPCR.The protein expression of CSE and MMP-9 were deter-mined by Western blot.The neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage infiltration was analyzed by immunohistochemistry me-thod.The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αand interleukin (IL)-6 were measured by ELISA.Collagen formation was measured by Masson staining.RESULTS:The H2 S levels in the skin and granulation were significantly decreased in ob/ob mice and increased in the NaHS-treated mice ( P to impaired wound healing in diabetes, which is alleviated by exogenous H2 S possibly through anti-inflammation.
ABSTRACT
In magnetoencepholography(MEG) inverse research, according to the point source model and distributed source model, the neuromagnetic source reconstruction methods are classified as parametric current dipole localization and nonparametric source imaging (or current density reconstruction). MEG source imaging technique can be formulated as an inherent ill-posed and highly underdetermined linear inverse problem. In order to yield a robust and plausible neural current distribution image, various approaches have been proposed. Among those, the weighted minimum-norm estimation with Tikhonov regularization is a popular technique. The authors present a relatively overall theoretical framework Followed by a discussion of the development, several regularized minimum-norm algorithms have been described in detail, including the depth normalization, low resolution electromagnetic tomography(LORETA), focal underdetermined system solver(FOCUSS), selective minimum-norm(SMN). In addition, some other imaging methods, e.g., maximum entropy method(MEM), the method incorporating other brain functional information such as fMRI data and maximum a posteriori(MAP) method using Markov random field model, are explained as well. From the generalized point of view based on minimum-norm estimation with Tikhonov regularization, all these algorithms are aiming to resolve the tradeoff between fidelity to the measured data and the constraints assumptions about the neural source configuration such as anatomical and physiological information. In conclusion, almost all the source imaging approaches can be consistent with the regularized minimum-norm estimation to some extent.